فصلنامه علوم روانشناختی
پیاپی 70 (دی 1397)

Identifying variables which have an impact on adjustment to multiple sclerosis (MS) is of utmost importance and understanding the functions of these variables is essential for helping patients with MS. The purpose of the present study was to examine the mediating role of ego-strength on the relationship between attachment styles and adjustment to multiple sclerosis. Method of the present descriptive study was correlational. All participants (91 women, 29 men) were asked to complete Adult Attachment Inventory (AAI; Besharat, 2011, 2013), Ego-Strength Scale (EES; Besharat, 2007, 2016), and Adjustment to Illness Scale (AIS; Besharat, 2010, 2011). Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and path analysis was used for testing hypothetical model of the study. The results showed that: (a) secure attachment style was positively correlated with adjustment to multiple sclerosis (p<0/001); (b) insecure attachment styles including avoidant and ambivalent attachment styles were negatively correlated with adjustment to multiple sclerosis (p<0/001); (c) ego-strength was positively correlated with adjustment to multiple sclerosis (p<0/001); (d) secure attachment style was positively correlated with ego-strength (p<0/001); (e) insecure attachment styles including avoidant and ambivalent attachment styles were negatively correlated with ego-strength (p<0/001); (f) the relationship between attachment styles and adjustment to multiple sclerosis was mediated by ego-strength. Considering these factors can have some implications for the experts to promote quality of life and increase adjustment to multiple sclerosis

SDT is an approach to human motivation and personality that highlight the importance of human evolved inner resources for personality development and behavioral self-regulation.Thus , its arena is the investigation of people`s inherent growth tendencies and innate psychological needs that are the basis for their self-motivation and personality. The aim of present study was to explore the mediating role of basic psychological needs between attachment style and life satisfaction. 251 undergraduates from the universities participated. Participants provided self-report on Attachment Style Inventory of Hazan and Shaver (1978), Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction of Deci and Ryan (2000) and Satisfaction with Life Questionnaire with Ed Diener et, al (1993). of hierarchical regression analyses confirm that basic psychological needs satisfaction had a full mediation effect between attachment style and life satisfaction. So according to these findings, secure attachment predicts life satisfaction when faced with basic needs. Also, avoiding attachment and ambivalent attachment predict satisfaction with life through satisfaction and lack of satisfaction of needs.

Obesity causes the psychological and emotional processes of individuals to be damaged. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of meta diagnosis package of acceptance and commitment therapy, Self-Compassion therapy and dialectic behavioral therapy on emotion regulation and eating behavior of overweight and obese women who referred to nutrition clinics in 2017. The research method was quasi-experimental with pretest, posttest, control group and three-month follow up stage. The statistical population of the present study included women referring to nutrition clinics in the city of Tonekabon from whom 20 overweight and obese women were selected through non-random sampling method and replaced into experimental and control groups. The experimental group received twelve ninety-minute meta diagnosis teaching interventions during three months. The applied questionnaires in the current study included the questionnaire of difficulty in emotion regulation (Geratz and Romer, 2004) and eating behavior (Norman, et.al, 2009). The data from the study were analyzed through mixed ANOVA via SPSS 23 software. The results showed that meta diagnosis teaching intervention has significantly influenced emotion regulation and eating behavior in overweight and obese women (p<0.001). According to the findings of the present study meta diagnosis teaching package can be employed to improve emotion regulation and eating behavior in overweight and obese women.

 There is a very clear difference between the actual capacity of potential intelligence and the potential cognitive potential of children with Down syndrome, and their current mental capacity is always subject to change and correction. family-based psychological interventions emphasize the increasing cognitive function of children with the participation of parents and family members. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of family-centered interventions on the intelligence capacity of primary school children with Down syndrome. The research design was semi experimental and pre-test-post-test with control group. The statistical population included all 10 to 11students with Down syndrome in 2016-2017 academic year. Among them 30 were selected by purposive sampling and randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. The experimental group received family-centered interventions for three months (Two sessions a week). The research instrument was the new version of Tehran-Stanford Binet's intelligence scale (Afrooz and Kamkary, 2006), which was performed in both pretest and post-test. The use of  multivariate covariance analysis method in SPSS application, The findings showed that family-centered psychological interventions not only increased the intelligence score of these children, but also leads to increased non-verbal and verbal intelligence, fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, and working memory in Down's syndrome students (P<0/01). Also, it can be said that family-based psychological interventions can be effective in improving the cognitive function of children with Down syndrome in verbal and non-verbal areas.

Negative affect makes one completely ignore his homework and commit procrastination. Positive affect increases useful indices of thinking and reducing procrastination. Furthermore some researches indicate that there is relationship between all kinds of perfectionism and academic procrastination. The objective of present research is review the relation of several variables including negative and positive affect and multidimensional in the format of a model with academic procrastination. The design of present research is descriptive from correlation type. Statistical population of research includes all female high school students in districts 2, 4, and 8 of Tehran in academic year 2016-17. The sample of present research included 400 students selected by multistage sampling method. The sample members answered Solomon & Rothblum academic procrastination (1984), Pintrich and Digroot self-regulated learning strategies (1990) and Hewitt and Flett multi-dimensional perfectionism (1991) questionnaires. In order to analyze data path analysis was used. Results indicated the fitness of model with data and existence of relationship between positive and negative effects and all kinds of perfectionism with academic procrastination. Standard correlation of the relation between positive affect and academic procrastination was equal to -0.361, the relation between negative affect and academic procrastination was equal to 0.440, the relation between self-oriented perfectionism and academic procrastination was equal to -0.31, the relation between other- oriented and academic procrastination was equal to 0.285; and all these correlations were significant (p<0.01). Furthermore standard coefficient related to the relation between society-oriented perfectionism and academic procrastination was equal to 0.114 which was not significant. Lack of significance of the obtained coefficient indicates that society oriented perfectionism may not predict academic procrastination. Positive and negative effects and all kinds of perfectionism in the format of a model may predict academic procrastination of students.

Infidelity is one of the major challenges faced by involved couples and couples therapists. Forgiveness is one of the strategies that help betrayed women to minimize infidelity`s destructive effects. However, forgiveness is a global concept but the factors that shape it are different from one culture to other cultures. So the current research explore these factors by reviewing the betrayed women`s lived experience of forgiveness. understanding and explaining the experience of forgiveness in betrayed women. This study was a qualitative one with the approach of phenomenology. Depth semi-structured interviews conducted with 10 people that forgive their partner`s infidelity and obtain 266.5 score and higher than in Enright forgiveness inventory. After the interview with the tenth person, the data was saturated and the sampling process stopped. The seven steps Colizzi `s method was used to analyze data. The results of initial coding were associated with the formation of 82 semantic units, which, according to their commonality, were categorized into 14 subsample. Finally, these 14 subthemes were classified in three main themes as factors that focus on individual, factors that focus on spouse, factors that focus on marital relationship and external factors. It seems that relatively new findings can be found in terms of cultural context

Several studies indicate that the structure of scientific articles in Phycology, particularly in methodology, have not met the required scientific standards. To achieve standardization, it is required to analyze the structure and configuration of articles as well as the components such as research design, characteristics of sample groups, instruments, and statistical methods. The present study aims to analyze scientific articles in different branches of psychology, in order to identify condition of the research papers based on: authors’ interest, diversity, gaps, inconsistencies, and deficiencies in methodology. One thousand one hundred twenty-six original articles from scientific research journals approved by Iranian Ministry of Science, Research, and Technology during the 2007 - 2010 period were reviewed. Nine postgraduate students extracted the data and the four authors re-examined them. This study has a descriptive design, and data is displayed in frequency tables. The results indicate that, the use of some research designs, sample groups, instruments, and statistical methods were very low or non-existent; and in contrast, some other research design, instruments, and methods were widely applied in the studies. The findings were compared to the frame work suggested by known scientist associations, and suggestions for improving the structure and writing style of methodologies are put forth.

one of the main ways of improving academic performance is increasing self efficacy in children. The present study was carried out in order to examine the effectiveness of social cognitive career counseling on academic Self-efficacy among students. The present quasi-experimental study was carried out using a pretest, posttest, follow-up design with two intervention groups and two control groups. The statistical population included all students attending Secondary high schools in Shahriar, Iran. The study sample consisted of 80 students (40 girls and 40 boys) who were randomly assigned to 4 groups (two groups of social cognitive intervention and two control groups). The study instrument was Academic Self-Efficacy Scale. The results of repeated ANOVA indicated that social cognitive career counseling had a significant effect on academic self-efficacy. Moreover, Scheffe’s paired-comparisons test in three phases of pretest, posttest, and follow-up showed that the means had an increase in the posttest (p<0.01) and remained the same until the follow-up phase. Social cognitive career counseling has a significant effect on academic self-efficacy. By identifying individuals with low self-efficacy in career counseling method based on social cognitive theory meetings, it is possible to help improving the quality of education and achieve educational goals, and help them to make better use of their abilities and potential talents in order to get better performance.

specialists belives that the perfectionism can be related to much psychological traits of heman beings; such as self-esteem, academic achievement and academic motivation variables. the main purpose of this research was to determine the relationships between perfectionism with self-esteem, academic achievement and academic motivation, among the elementary students of Famenin city, between the academic years of 2017-2018. the research method was descriptive, kind of correlational base. The statistical population of it include all sixth grade elementary students of Famenin city. The total number of this students were 245 people. So, in terms of one-phase cluster sampling method, 150 individual (including 95 female and 57 male) were selected based on the Krejcie & Morgan (1970) formula. The instruments were the valid and reliable scales (the Persian copy): the Scale of Hill’s Perfectionism, Harter’s Academic Motivation questionnaire, and also Coopersmith's Self-Esteem Inventory. Also for assessing the academic achievement of the students, the scours of their midterm were used. the results showed that there are significant and positive relationship between the students’ positive perfectionism with self-esteem and academic achievement and significant and negative relation between the negative perfectionism with self-esteem and academic achievement (P> 0/05). Also there are respectively a positive and negative significant relationships between the positive perfectionism with intrinsic and extrinsic academic motivation; and a negative and positive significant relationships between the negative perfectionism with intrinsic and extrinsic academic motivation (P> 0/05).  inorder to increase the students’ self-esteem, academic achievement and academic motivation, we must learn them to concentrate upon the positive aspects of perfectionism.

 General anxiety disorder is one of the common psychiatric disorders that causes an individual's discomfort and abnormality in his behavioral and cognitive behavior. Predatory memories are a collection of memories that are inaccurate and associated with anxiety disorders. The present study was aimed at exploring the impact of stimulating secure attachment in the subconscious level in reducing intrusive memories in students with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). A pretest-posttest design with control group was used. The statistical population included undergraduate students with GAD in the school year 2017-2018 in Qom, Iran. A total of 40 students were selected using a random cluster sampling method, and randomly divided into experimental and control groups (each group comprised of 10 participants). The Revised Adult Attachment Scale (1990), the Impact of Event Scale - Revised (1997), and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (1996) were used to collect data. The data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), and independent-samples t-test at 5% level. According to the study results, stimulation of secure attachment in the subconscious level significantly reduced intrusive memories in the students with GAD (f=32/283, p=≤0/001). Based on this, it can be concluded that stimulation of safe attachment was effective on the reducing disturbing memories of students with general anxiety disorder.

Designing the educational package of sexual education based on Iranian culture is great importance. However, no research has ever been done on the impact of sexual education based on Iranian culture on social self-efficacy and sexual risk-taking of adolescent. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of training of sexual education based on Iranian culture on social self-efficacy and sexual risk-taking of middle school girl students in Takestan. The research is quasi experimental design with a pre-test design- post-test with a control group and the experimental group. The statistical population of this study is female student's middle school in Takestan in the academic year of 2018-19. The study sample consisted of 50 students (each group of 25) who were selected multi-stage random cluster sampling and divided into two experimental and control groups. The experimental group received 8 sessions of 90 minutes of training sexual education and the control group did not receive any training during this training period. Data collection tools were Mauritius's children and adolescent self-efficacy questionnaire (2001) and Zadeh Mohammadi and Ahmad Abadi risk-taking questionnaire for Iranian adolescents (2008(. Data were analyzed using covariance analysis. The results showed that training of sexual education based on Iranian culture could be significantly effective in promoting social self-efficacy(p<0/01). also, sexual education training had a significant effect on sexual riskiness(p<0/01). Based on the findings, can concluded that sexual education based on Iranian-Islamic culture can increase social self-efficacy and decrease sexual risk-taking in female students.

Studies shows that diminished marital intimacy is one of the main reasons of the spouse's betrayal and emotional regulation plays a key role in the marital intimacy and coping with the consequences of revealing a marital betrayal. But problem is, whether Group Therapy using Transactional Analysis (TA can improve the Emotion Regulation and Marital Intimacy of betrayed women? The purpose of the present study was to determine the efficacy of Group Therapy using Transactional Analysis (TA) on Cognitive Emotion Regulation and Marital Intimacy of women affected by marital betrayal. This study used semi-experimental method with pre-test, post-test and control group. To this end, 30 women injured by the exaggerated relations in 1397 were selected by random sampling method and assigned to two experimental and control groups. To collect the data, the Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (Gravovsky et al. , 2001) and Thompson and Walker's Marital Intimacy Questionnaire (1983) was used. The experimental group participated weekly in 10 sessions of 2 hours of group therapy. After ensuring the normal distribution of the data obtained from these questionnaires using Shapiro Wilk test, in order to analyze the research hypotheses, the covariance analysis test was used the results showed that the group therapy by means of interaction analysis Improve cognitive-emotional regulation and increase the marital intimacy of women injured by husband's betrayal (p <0/05). In general, the findings of the research indicate that the treatment group by interaction analysis method can improve the cognitive management of the excitement of women in betrayal and affect their marital empathy.